Populace follows the guidance of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) on correcting the scholarly record, including the COPE Retraction Guidelines.

• Correction: issued when an error affects part of an article but not its overall conclusions. A correction notice is published and linked to the original article.
• Expression of concern: issued when there are serious concerns about an article and an investigation is ongoing or inconclusive.
• Retraction: issued when findings are unreliable (because of major error, fabrication or falsification), or in cases of plagiarism, duplicate publication, unethical research or undisclosed conflicts that invalidate the work.

Retracted articles are not removed. They remain online, clearly marked as retracted, with a retraction notice explaining the reason. All notices receive their own DOI and are linked to the original article.

Authors who discover an error in their published article should contact editorial@populacejournal.org as soon as possible. Concerns raised by readers are investigated confidentially and fairly. See also our Publication Ethics policy.